Анотація
Вступ. Використання пневмококових кон’югованих вакцин (PCV) розпочалося в усьому світі на початку 2000-х років, і багато країн включили їх до національних програм імунізації. PCV виявилися ефективними проти тих серотипів пневмококів (S. pneumoniae, Spn), які входили до складу вакцин, що призвело до зниження захворюваності на інвазивні пневмококові захворювання (IPD) та інтенсивності циркуляції Spn серед здорових осіб протягом перших років після впровадження вакцинації.
Мета. Аналіз особливостей циркуляції Spn на тлі широкого застосування PCV, подальших тенденцій змін їх серотипів та ефективності вакцинації (ЕВ) для оптимізації її стратегії.
Матеріали та методи. У цьому ретроспективному епідеміологічному огляді було використано систематичний аналіз літератури за 2010–2020-ті роки для вивчення глобальних тенденцій IPD, носійства Spn, розподілу серотипів Spn, ЕВ та появи нових домінантних серотипів до та після впровадження PCV.
Результати. Аналіз глобальної ситуації демонструє динаміку змін носійства Spn серед здорових дітей, еволюцію серотипів Spn під тиском вакцини, поступове зниження ЕВ та постійне збільшення валентності використовуваних PCV. Представлено дані з України, де PCV не включені до національної програми імунізації; тим не менш, за останні 10 років також спостерігається різке зниження носійства Spn (~6,6 рази), та зменшення кількості циркулюючих серотипів Spn. Зокрема, не виявлено циркуляції вакцинних серотипів PCV13 3, 5, 14 та 19A, а також серотипу 6C, який антигенно споріднений із вакцинним серотипом 6A. У той же час, кількість некапсульованих Spn, які зараз визнані етіологічними агентами IPD, у носоглотці дітей збільшилася в 4,5 рази, що підкреслює необхідність враховувати як інкапсульовані, так і некапсульовані Spn при прогнозуванні майбутньої ЕВ.
Висновки. Враховуючи високу ефективність PCV лише проти вакцинних серотипів, у країнах з помірною циркуляцією Spn найоптимальнішою стратегією є вакцинація медичних, вікових та епідемічних груп ризику з використанням PCV з найвищою валентністю. Окрім захисту цих груп ризику від вакцинних серотипів, цей підхід може допомогти запобігти їх заміні іншими серотипами Spn.
Посилання
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024, September 9). Pneumococcal disease surveillance and trends. https://www.cdc.gov/pneumococcal/php/surveillance/index.html
Zadorozhna, V. I., Vynnyk, N. P., Serheieva, T. A., & Gerilovich, A. P. (2026). Pneumococcal infection and its vaccine control. One Health Journal, 4(I), 5–30. https://doi.org/10.31073/onehealthjournal2026-I-01
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. (2025, January 14). Invasive pneumococcal disease – Annual epidemiological report for 2022. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/invasive-pneumococcal-disease-annual-epidemiological-report-2022
Garcia Quesada, M., Peterson, M. E., Bennett, J. C., Hayford, K., Zeger, S. L., Yang, Y., Hetrich, M. K., Feikin, D. R., Cohen, A. L., von Gottberg, A., van der Linden, M., van Sorge, N. M., de Oliveira, L. H., de Miguel, S., Yildirim, I., Vestrheim, D. F., Verani, J. R., Varon, E., Valentiner-Branth, P., Tzanakaki, G., … PSERENADE Team (2025). Serotype distribution of remaining invasive pneumococcal disease after extensive use of ten-valent and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (the PSERENADE project): a global surveillance analysis. The Lancet. Infectious diseases, 25(4), 445–456. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(24)00588-7
Chen, C., Cervero Liceras, F., Flasche, S., Sidharta, S., Yoong, J., Sundaram, N., & Jit, M. (2019). Effect and cost-effectiveness of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination: a global modelling analysis. The Lancet. Global health, 7(1), e58–e67. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30422-4
Dadonaite, B. (2019). Pneumonia – no child should die from a disease we can prevent [Online resource; archived February 11, 2026]. Our World in Data. https://archive.ourworldindata.org/20260211-174736/child-deaths-from-pneumonia.html
Bogaert, D. (2014). ISPPD-0550 pneumococcal colonization and carriage: Interactions between Streptococcus pneumoniae and the respiratory microbiome in relation to respiratory health. In Pneumococcal colonization and carriage (pp. 5–60). Pneumonia, 3. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03399438
Cremers, A. J. H., Zomer, A. L., Gritzfeld, J. F., Gritzfeld, J. F., Ferwerda, J. G., van Hijum, S. A. F. T., de Jonge, M. I., Klugman, K. P., Boekhorst, J., Timmerman, H. M., Gordon, S. B. & Hermans P. W. M. (2014). The adult nasopharyngeal microbiome as a determinant of pneumococcal carriage. In Pneumococcal colonization and carriage (pp. 5–60). Pneumonia, 3. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03399438
Biesbroek, G., Trzcinski, K., Wang, X., Keijser, B. J. F., Veenhoven, R. H., Sanders1, E.A.M. & Bogaert, D. (2014) ISPPD-0385 Pneumococcal Colonization and Carriage: Co-occurrence patterns of streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes with other microbial inhabitants of the nasopharynx in children Pneumococcal colonization and carriage. In Pneumococcal colonization and carriage (pp. сторінки). Pneumonia, 3. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03399438
Neal, E. F. G., Chan, J., Nguyen, C. D., & Russell, F. M. (2022). Factors associated with pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage: A systematic review. PLOS global public health, 2(4), e0000327. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0000327
Satzke, C., Turner, P., Virolainen-Julkunen, A., Adrian, P. V., Antonio, M., Hare, K. M., Henao-Restrepo, A. M., Leach, A. J., Klugman, K. P., Porter, B. D., Sá-Leão, R., Scott, J. A., Nohynek, H., O'Brien, K. L., & WHO Pneumococcal Carriage Working Group (2013). Standard method for detecting upper respiratory carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae: updated recommendations from the World Health Organization Pneumococcal Carriage Working Group. Vaccine, 32(1), 165–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.08.062
Turner, P., Sá-Leão, R., Greenhill, A., Leach, A., & Satzke, C. (2022). World Health Organization (WHO) Standard Methods for Pneumococcal Carriage Studies. Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 75(5), 924–925. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciac221
Ganaie, F., Branche, A. R., Peasley, M., Rosch, J. W., & Nahm, M. H. (2022). Effect of Oral Streptococci Expressing Pneumococcus-like Cross-Reactive Capsule Types on World Health Organization Recommended Pneumococcal Carriage Detection Procedure. Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 75(4), 647–656. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab1003
Varon, E., & Cohen, R. (2019). Novel insights into pneumococcal lineages in the vaccine era. The Lancet. Infectious diseases, 19(7), 679–681. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30292-0
Wróbel-Pawelczyk, I., Ronkiewicz, P., Wanke-Rytt, M., Rykowska, D., Górska-Kot, A., Włodkowska, K., Topczewska-Cabanek, A., Jackowska, T., Chruszcz, J., Marchut, W., Mastalerz-Migas, A., Korzeniewski, K., GIL Study Team, Skoczyńska, A., & Trzciński, K. (2022). Pneumococcal carriage in unvaccinated children at the time of vaccine implementation into the national immunization program in Poland. Scientific reports, 12(1), 5858. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-09488-z
Vesikari, T., Forsten, A., Seppä, I., Kaijalainen, T., Puumalainen, T., Soininen, A., Traskine, M., Lommel, P., Schoonbroodt, S., Hezareh, M., Moreira, M., Borys, D., & Schuerman, L. (2016). Effectiveness of the 10-Valent Pneumococcal Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae Protein D-Conjugated Vaccine (PHiD-CV) Against Carriage and Acute Otitis Media-A Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial in Finland. Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, 5(3), 237–248. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piw010
Sings, H. L. & Isturiz, R. (2017) Response to Effectiveness of the 10-Valent Pneumococcal Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae Protein D-Conjugated Vaccine (PHiD-CV) Against Carriage and Acute Otitis Media-A Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial in Finland. Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, 6(1), 109–110. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpids/piw074
van Hoek, A. J., Sheppard, C. L., Andrews, N. J., Waight, P. A., Slack, M. P., Harrison, T. G., Ladhani, S. N., & Miller, E. (2014). Pneumococcal carriage in children and adults two years after introduction of the thirteen valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in England. Vaccine, 32(34), 4349–4355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.03.017
Krajcar, N., Trkulja, V., Butić, I., Tešović, G., & Pneumococcal CROcarriage Study Group (2025). Impact of the 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) on pneumococcal carriage in healthy children and children with acute otitis media and pneumonia: emergence of serotypes 3, 6C and 19A in Croatia. Vaccine, 50, 126848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.126848
Grivea, I. N., Priftis, K. N., Giotas, A., Kotzia, D., Tsantouli, A. G., Douros, K., Michoula, A. N., & Syrogiannopoulos, G. A. (2014). Dynamics of pneumococcal carriage among day-care center attendees during the transition from the 7-valent to the higher-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in Greece. Vaccine, 32(48), 6513–6520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.09.016
Candeias, C., Almeida, S. T., Paulo, A. C., Simões, A. S., Ferreira, B., Cruz, A. R., Queirós, M., Touret, T., Brito-Avô, A., de Lencastre, H., & Sá-Leão, R. (2024). Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage, serotypes, genotypes, and antimicrobial resistance trends among children in Portugal, after introduction of PCV13 in National Immunization Program: A cross-sectional study. Vaccine, 42(22), 126219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.126219
Kanık Yüksek, S., Tezer, H., Gülhan, B., Özkaya Parlakay, A., Güldemir, D., Coskun-Ari, F. F., Bedir Demirdağ, T., Kara Uzun, A., Kızılgün, M., Solmaz, S., Kılıç, S., Yalınay Çırak, M., & Baran Aksakal, F. N. (2020). Nasopharyngeal pneumococcal carriage in healthy Turkish children after 13-valent conjugated pneumococcal vaccine implementation in the national immunization program. Journal of infection and public health, 13(2), 266–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2019.10.009
Ceyhan, M., Karadag-Oncel, E., Hascelik, G., Ustundag, G., Gurbuz, V., Samlioglu, P., Yilmaz, N., Ozsurekci, Y., Yilmaz, E., Aykac, K., Oz, F. N., Uzum, O., Orsdemir-Hortu, H., Tanir, G., Yilmaz-Ciftdogan, D., & Kurugol, Z. (2021). Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in healthy children aged less than five years. Vaccine, 39(15), 2041–2047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.03.028
Kizil, M. C., Kilic, O., Kara, Y., Kaya, M., Karbuz, A., Iseri Nepesov, M., Ciftci, E., Ozdemir, H., Oz, F. N., Kurugol, Z., Celebi, S., Cetin, B. S., Yilmaz, D., Dinleyici, M., Kizmaz Isancli, D., Kilicaslan, O., Sezer Yamanel, R. G., Inceli, B. H., Penezoglu, D. N., Dortkardesler, B., … Dinleyici, E. C. (2026). Nasopharyngeal pneumococcal carriage and serotype landscape in children, adolescents and young adults in Türkiye. European journal of pediatrics, 185(2), 96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-026-06744-6
Kaur, R., Casey, J. R., & Pichichero, M. E. (2016). Emerging Streptococcus pneumoniae Strains Colonizing the Nasopharynx in Children After 13-valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccination in Comparison to the 7-valent Era, 2006-2015. The Pediatric infectious disease journal, 35(8), 901–906. https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000001206
Desai, A. P., Sharma, D., Crispell, E. K., Baughman, W., Thomas, S., Tunali, A., Sherwood, L., Zmitrovich, A., Jerris, R., Satola, S. W., Beall, B., Moore, M. R., Jain, S., & Farley, M. M. (2015). Decline in Pneumococcal Nasopharyngeal Carriage of Vaccine Serotypes After the Introduction of the 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Children in Atlanta, Georgia. The Pediatric infectious disease journal, 34(11), 1168–1174. https://doi.org/10.1097/INF.0000000000000849
Olarte, L., Kaplan, S. L., Barson, W. J., Romero, J. R., Lin, P. L., Tan, T. Q., Hoffman, J. A., Bradley, J. S., Givner, L. B., Mason, E. O., & Hultén, K. G. (2017). Emergence of Multidrug-Resistant Pneumococcal Serotype 35B among Children in the United States. Journal of clinical microbiology, 55(3), 724–734. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01778-16
Dunne, E. M., Carville, K., Riley, T. V., Bowman, J., Leach, A. J., Cripps, A. W., Murphy, D., Jacoby, P., Lehmann, D., & Kalgoorlie Otitis Media Research Project Team (2016). Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children in Western Australia carry different serotypes of pneumococci with different antimicrobial susceptibility profiles. Pneumonia (Nathan Qld.), 8, 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41479-016-0015-9
Collins, D. A., Hoskins, A., Snelling, T., Senasinghe, K., Bowman, J., Stemberger, N. A., Leach, A. J., & Lehmann, D. (2017). Predictors of pneumococcal carriage and the effect of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccination in the Western Australian Aboriginal population. Pneumonia (Nathan Qld.), 9, 14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41479-017-0038-x
Nisar, M. I., Nayani, K., Akhund, T., Riaz, A., Irfan, O., Shakoor, S., Muneer, S., Muslim, S., Hotwani, A., Kabir, F., Whitney, C., Kim, L., Srinivasan, V., Ali, A., Zaidi, A. K. M., & Jehan, F. (2018). Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in children under 5 years of age before introduction of pneumococcal vaccine (PCV10) in urban and rural districts in Pakistan. BMC infectious diseases, 18(1), 672. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-018-3608-5
Nisar, M. I., Jehan, F., Shahid, S., Ahmed, S., Shakoor, S., Kabir, F., Hotwani, A., Muneer, S., Khalid, F., Muhammad, S., Althouse, B. M., Hu, H., Whitney, C. G., Ali, A., Zaidi, A. K. M., Omer, S. B., & Iqbal, N. (2022). Serotype-specific effectiveness against pneumococcal carriage and serotype replacement after ten-valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV10) introduction in Pakistan. PloS one, 17(1), e0262466. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262466
Iqbal, I., Shahid, S., Kanwar, S., Kabir, F., Umrani, F., Ahmed, S., Khan, W., Qazi, M. F., Aziz, F., Muneer, S., Kalam, A., Hotwani, A., Mehmood, J., Qureshi, A. K., Hasan, Z., Shakoor, S., Mirza, S., McGee, L., Lo, S. W., Kumar, N., … Nisar, M. I. (2024). Pneumococcal carriage and changes in serotype distribution post- PCV13 introduction in children in Matiari, Pakistan. Vaccine, 42(23), 126238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.126238
Safari, D., Daningrat, W. O. D., Milucky, J. L., Khoeri, M. M., Paramaiswari, W. T., Tafroji, W., Salsabila, K., Winarti, Y., Soebandrio, A., Hadinegoro, S. R., Prayitno, A., Childs, L., Pimenta, F. C., Carvalho, M. D. G., & Pilishvili, T. (2024). Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae among children <5 years of age in Indonesia prior to pneumococcal conjugate vaccine introduction. PloS one, 19(1), e0297041. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0297041
Shi, G., Li, H., Guo, L., Yuan, L., Chen, J., Li, B., Gou, J., Yin, W., Luo, S., Ti, J., Duan, M., Cao, F., Xu, X., & Wang, B. (2025). Baseline Analysis of Serotype-Specific IgG Antibody Levels for 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine in Healthy Chinese Individuals: A Multicenter Retrospective Study. Vaccines, 13(8), 847. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines13080847
Chan, K. C., Subramanian, R., Chong, P., Nelson, E. A., Lam, H. S., Li, A. M., & Ip, M. (2016). Pneumococcal carriage in young children after introduction of PCV13 in Hong Kong. Vaccine, 34(33), 3867–3874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.05.047
Choe, Y. J., Lee, H. J., Lee, H., Oh, C. E., Cho, E. Y., Choi, J. H., Kang, H. M., Yoon, I. A., Jung, H. J., & Choi, E. H. (2016). Emergence of antibiotic-resistant non-vaccine serotype pneumococci in nasopharyngeal carriage in children after the use of extended-valency pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in Korea. Vaccine, 34(40), 4771–4776. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.08.030
Lee, J., Kim, K. H., Jo, D. S., Ma, S. H., Kim, J. H., Kim, C. S., Kim, H. M., & Kang, J. H. (2020). A longitudinal hospital-based epidemiology study to assess acute otitis media incidence and nasopharyngeal carriage in Korean children up to 24 months. Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics, 16(12), 3090–3097. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2020.1748978
Verani, J. R., Omondi, D., Odoyo, A., Odiembo, H., Ouma, A., Ngambi, J., Aol, G., Audi, A., Kiplangat, S., Agumba, N., Munywoki, P. K., Onyango, C., Hunsperger, E., Farrar, J. L., Kim, L., Kobayashi, M., Breiman, R. F., Pimenta, F. C., da Gloria Carvalho, M., Lessa, F. C., … Bigogo, G. (2024). Long-term impact of 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in Kenya: Nasopharyngeal carriage among children in a rural and an urban site six years after introduction. Vaccine, 42(25), 126120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.07.021
Kahn, R., Moiane, B., Lessa, F. C., Massora, S., Mabombo, V., Chauque, A., Tembe, N., Mucavele, H., Whitney, C. G., Sacoor, C., Matsinhe, G., Pimenta, F. C., da Gloria Carvalho, M., Sigauque, B., & Verani, J. (2025). Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae among children and their household members in southern Mozambique five years after PCV10 introduction. Vaccine, 47, 126691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.126691
Mohammed, F. A., Sarkar, R., Ayele, F., & Urgesa, K. (2025). Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae, its associated factors, and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns among school children in Babile district, eastern Ethiopia. PloS one, 20(12), e0337950. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0337950
Roca, A., Bojang, A., Bottomley, C., Gladstone, R. A., Adetifa, J. U., Egere, U., Burr, S., Antonio, M., Bentley, S., Kampmann, B., & Pneumo13 Study Group (2015). Effect on nasopharyngeal pneumococcal carriage of replacing PCV7 with PCV13 in the Expanded Programme of Immunization in The Gambia. Vaccine, 33(51), 7144–7151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.11.012
Usuf, E., Bottomley, C., Bojang, E., Cox, I., Bojang, A., Gladstone, R., Kampmann, B., Hill, P. C., & Roca, A. (2019). Persistence of Nasopharyngeal Pneumococcal Vaccine Serotypes and Increase of Nonvaccine Serotypes Among Vaccinated Infants and Their Mothers 5 Years After Introduction of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine 13 in The Gambia. Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 68(9), 1512–1521. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy726
Osei, I., Mendy, E., van Zandvoort, K., Sarwar, G., Nuredin, I. M., Bruce, J., Barjo, O., Molfa, M., Salaudeen, R., Greenwood, B., Flasche, S., & Mackenzie, G. A. (2025). Effect of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on pneumococcal carriage in rural Gambia 10 years after its introduction: A population-based cross-sectional study. Vaccine, 56, 127181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.127181
Osei, I., Mendy, E., van Zandvoort, K., Jobe, O., Sarwar, G., Mohammed, N. I., Bruce, J., Barjo, O., Molfa, M., Salaudeen, R., Greenwood, B., Flasche, S., & Mackenzie, G. A. (2025). Identification of age-group reservoirs for persistent vaccine-type pneumococcal carriage in rural Gambia. Pneumonia (Nathan Qld.), 17(1), 22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41479-025-00176-w
Heinsbroek, E., Tafatatha, T., Phiri, A., Swarthout, T. D., Alaerts, M., Crampin, A. C., Chisambo, C., Mwiba, O., Read, J. M., & French, N. (2018). Pneumococcal carriage in households in Karonga District, Malawi, before and after introduction of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccination. Vaccine, 36(48), 7369–7376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.10.021
Njuma Libwea, J., Gröndahl-Yli-Hannuksela, K., Kobela, M., Toropainen, M., Nyholm, O., Ndombo, P. K., Koulla-Shiro, S., Nohynek, H., Nuorti, J. P., Vuopio, J., & Palmu, A. A. (2020). Prevalence of pneumococcal nasopharyngeal colonization and serotypes circulating in Cameroonian children after the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine introduction. International journal of infectious diseases: IJID: official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases, 98, 113–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.06.048
Chernysheva, L. I., Hilfanova, A. M., Bondarenko, A. V., Yanovska, V. V., & Glushkevich, T. H. (2014). Nazofarynhealne nosiistvo Streptococcus rneumoniae u vykhovantsiv budynkiv dytyny: serotypovyi repertuar ta chutlyvist do antymikrobnykh preparativ [Nazopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in children’s homes: Serotype repertoire and antimicrobial susceptibility]. Zdorov’ye rebenka, 6(57), 9–14.
Chernysheva, L. I., Hilfanova, A. M., Bondarenko, A. V., Yakimovich, S. A., Rabosh, O. V., Yanovska, V. V., & Glushkevich, T. H. (2014). Rozpodil serotypiv Streptococcus pneumoniae pry nazofarynhealnomu nosiistvi u zdorovykh ditei vikom vid 6 misiatsiv do 5 rokiv v Ukraini [Serotype distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae in nasopharyngeal carriage among healthy children aged 6 months to 5 years in Ukraine]. Sovremennaya pediatriya, 4(60), 77–83. https://doi.org/10.15574/SP.2014.60.77
hernysheva, L. I., Hilfanova, A. M., Bondarenko, A. V., Yakimovich, S. A., Rabosh, O. V., Yanovska, V. V., Glushkevich, T. H., Limar, T. V., Pomaz, H. M., & Vlasenko, N. O. (2014). Vliyanie rannej socialnoj aktivnosti na nazofaringealnoe nositelstvo S. pneumoniae i raspredelenie serotipov pnevmokokka u detej pervyh pyati let zhizni [Influence of early social activity on nasopharyngeal carriage and pneumococcal serotype distribution in children during the first five years of life]. Sovremennaya pediatriya, 2(58), 58–63. https://doi.org/10.15574/SP.2014.58.58
Chernysheva, L. I., Hilfanova, A. M., Bondarenko, A. V., Yanovska, V. V., Glushkevich, T. H., & Yakimovich, S. A. (2016). Serotypy pnevmokokiv pry nazofarynhealnomu nosiistvi ta meninhitakh, yikh chutlyvist do antybiotykiv u ditei [Pneumococcal serotypes in nasopharyngeal carriage and meningitis, and their antibiotic susceptibility in children]. Sovremennaya pediatriya, 6, 68–74. http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/Sped_2016_6_15
Chernysheva, L. I., Hilfanova, A. M., Bondarenko, A. V., Yanovska, V. V., Glushkevich, T. H., & Yakimovich, S. A. (2018). Problemy likuvannia ta profilaktyky pnevmokokovoi infektsii v ditei [Problems of treatment and prevention of pneumococcal infection in children]. Aktualna infektolohiya, 6(4), 28–33. https://mif-ua.com/archive/article/46484
Volokha, A. P. (2025). Yak zminiuvavsia serotypovyi peizazh pnevmokokiv u ditei v Ukraini [How the serotype landscape of pneumococci in children changed in Ukraine]. Zdorov’ya Ukrainy: medychna hazeta, 3(79), 25. https://health-ua.com/pediatrics/vakcinaciia/80755-iak-zminiuvavsia-serotipovii-peizaz-pnevmokokiv-u-ditei-v-ukrayini

Ця робота ліцензується відповідно до Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

